1. Man and Religion in Relation to Nature.

language. According to the observations of physiologists, the larynx larynx: Kehlkopf — the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords is easily affected as a result of internal movements. This suggests a special relationship between the two, similar to the connection between the vagus nerve vagus nerve: Vagus — the main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, controlling involuntary functions like the heart rate and the movements of the heart, or the sphere of the cerebellum cerebellum: Kleinhirn — the part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and the motor muscles of the upper limbs. However, this can only explain the vocal expression of received impressions as a preparation for the spoken word. The animal has a voice through which it reveals its sensory life; but it remains only at the level of sound, through which it expresses unconscious life. It never achieves the "word"—the expression of the self-conscious spirit—precisely because self-consciousness does not dawn upon it. It is therefore apt when Lotze Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817–1881) was an influential German philosopher and physician known for bridging the gap between science and philosophy. somewhere calls the song of birds a "will-less and aimless jumping with the vocal cords," for it is merely a muscle movement through which the sound is produced.

Language is the expression of the self-conscious spirit; in the word, the human expresses not only sensation and feeling, but also perceptions, ideas, and thoughts. Precisely because humans make perceptions, form ideas, and generate thoughts, they speak. They do not "invent" language any more than they invented their own existence; it is a product of their spirit, the essence of which becomes audible in speech, while the organs of speech are set in motion to accommodate it. Without the tongue, teeth, palate, and glottis, the human could certainly not give linguistic form to any idea or thought; yet he does not speak simply because he possesses these organs—otherwise, dogs and pigs would also have a language. Grunting, barking, meowing, and the like are only the elementary, unarticulated expressions of sensations, but not of thoughts, into which only the human is capable of processing sensation. "Language liberates humans from the indeterminacy of feeling and intuition and makes the content of their intelligence their own possession." The following number 1 refers to the footnote at the bottom of the page. ¹ In language, the formative drive reveals itself, along with a kind of mastery over the object which, stimulated from the outside toward the inside, becomes an idea...

¹ Rosenkranz, Psychology, 2nd edition, p. 389. Karl Rosenkranz (1805–1879) was a Hegelian philosopher who sought to apply dialectical thinking to various fields, including psychology.