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Animal Magnetism: A theory popularized by Franz Mesmer in the late 18th century, suggesting that an invisible natural force (a "fluid") possessed by all living beings could be manipulated through touch or proximity to heal diseases.
Joseph-Philippe-François Deleuze (1753–1835) was a naturalist at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris and a highly respected proponent of Mesmerism. He was known for his cautious, methodical approach and for emphasizing the role of the practitioner's "will" and "benevolence."