INTRODUCTION.

From the Liturgy of Saint James in Group I arose the numerous Syriac Liturgies (totaling about eighty, led by the Syriac Saint James) and the Liturgy of Saint Basil, which belonged to Caesarea (in Cappadocia). From these, in turn, came the Liturgy of Saint Chrysostom (belonging to Constantinople) on one side, and the Armenian Liturgy on the other. An original¹ Liturgy of Saint Mark in Group II seems to have been the direct parent of the Coptic Saint Cyril and the Ethiopic Liturgies; it was also the source of the most characteristic features of the other two Coptic Liturgies of Saint Basil and Saint Gregory. From the original Liturgy of Saints Thaddaeus and Mari original: "SS. Adaeus and Maris" came the Nestorian Liturgies and the old Malabar Liturgy. The connection of Group IV with Ephesus is a matter of inference: the only forms we know to belong to it are the Mozarabic the ancient liturgy of the Spanish Church and various Gallican uses, which were common in Spain and Gaul. Lastly, all the records we have of the African Liturgy go to prove that it was very closely allied to—if not once identical with—that of Rome. Meanwhile, the Ambrosian the liturgy used in Milan and the Sarum the liturgy used in Salisbury uses are certainly off-shoots from the Roman stem, which developed under specific local influences.

The Eastern Communions outside the Orthodox Church.

We cannot enter here into the question of the ecclesiastical relations of the religious bodies² who used these various liturgies, further than to mention a few general facts (which are necessary for a proper appreciation of the liturgies reprinted below). The entire Orthodox Eastern Church now uses the Liturgy of Saint Chrysostom, except on certain days of the year when either the Liturgy of Saint Basil³ or that of "the Presanctified⁴" is used.

¹ See the note on the preceding page.
² The student will find information in:
1. The two introductory volumes of Dr. Neale’s History of the Holy Eastern Church.
2. The 47th chapter of Gibbon’s History of the Roman Empire.
3. Edinburgh Review, vol. 207, article on "The Eastern Church."
4. The Christian Remembrancer, vol. 42, article on "Modern Studies of the Eastern Church."
5. Dean Stanley’s Eastern Church, Lectures 1, 7, and 9.
³ Used on all Sundays in Lent (except Palm Sunday), Maundy Thursday, Easter Eve Holy Saturday, the vigils of Christmas and the Epiphany, and the Feast of Saint Basil.
⁴ The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts: a service of Communion where the bread and wine were consecrated at a previous full liturgy. Used on all days in Lent except Saturday and Sunday, and the Feast of the Annunciation.