The Householder's Dharma (Ratnakaranda-Sravakachara)

substances, the following kinds of substance must be taken to be existing in nature.

A genealogical-style chart depicts the classification of Substance. At the top is "SUBSTANCE," which branches into "Jiva" living soul and "Ajiv" non-soul. Under "Ajiv," there are five further branches: "Matter (pudgala matter)," "Space," "Time," "Medium of motion (dharma righteousness/motion)," and "Medium of rest (adharma non-righteousness/rest)."

As we are here principally concerned with consciousness and matter, the two substances whose interaction gives rise to bodies and forms, and as the remaining four substances do not enter into the constitution of living beings, but are only helpful to them in their sojourn in the universe, we shall not dwell any longer on the nature of those remaining substances, but refer the reader to works on the Jaina Philosophy* where they are described in detail. So far as matter is concerned, its properties are only too well known to necessitate any elaborate investigation into its nature. It is the material substratum of all kinds of bodies and is constantly in motion under the influence of its inherent forces of attraction and repulsion, its unit being a simple, that is to say, indivisible particle, or atom, which is of infinitesimally small dimensions. Some

Footnote at the bottom of the page: * The Key of Knowledge by the present writer may also be referred to in this connection.