The Law

triction completing the word "restriction" from the previous page and monopoly find defenders not only in those who profit from them, but even in those who suffer from them. Try to raise a few doubts about the morality of these institutions. "You are," they will say, "a dangerous innovator, a utopian, a theorist, a scorner of the law; you are shaking the foundation upon which society rests." Whether you teach a course on ethics or political economy original: "économie politique." In the 19th century, this field combined what we now call economics with social philosophy., official bodies will be found to submit this request to the government:

"That science henceforth be taught, no longer from the sole perspective of Free Trade (of Liberty, Property, and Justice), as has been the case until now, but also and especially from the perspective of the facts and the legislation (contrary to Liberty, Property, and Justice) which governs French industry."

"That in public chairs meaning: university professorships or teaching positions funded by the treasury, the professor rigorously abstain from the slightest attack on the respect due to the laws in force ¹, etc."

In such a way that if a law exists which sanctions slavery or monopoly, oppression or the

¹ General Council of Manufactures, Agriculture, and Commerce. Session of May 6, 1850.