Records of the Maritime Nations [unclear]

The Records of the Seas Pronounced Dū-lǜ states: This ancient state Turkey/The Ottoman Empire is located beyond Prussia, Luzon the Philippines, and Francia France/Europe. Note: This "Turkey" [Du] is the same as the characters "Du-lu." Its territory is vast and its people follow Islam, which is clear evidence of its identity. The statement that it lies "beyond" Luzon and Francia refers to its general direction and does not necessarily mean they share a border. It is located to the north of the various Ionian nations. Its territory is immense. The people are of the Huihui a traditional Chinese term for Muslims stock. The population is powerful and prosperous; they wear wide-sleeved robes, wrap their heads in turbans, and wear leather garments. They do not often associate with other nations. Westerners call this land Emperado from the Portuguese/Spanish word for "Emperor" or "Empire", which is similar to the Chinese expression for a "Great State." They only apply this title to China and Russia referred to here as Bàgǔ. Note: In Western terminology, the only nations called "Great States" are China and Russia. Russia is not included in the Records of the Seas because that work focuses on nations reachable by sea trade. Since Turkey spans across the two continents of Europe and Asia, it is also called a "Great State."

The Compendium of Universal Geography says:

The country of Turkey also written as Dǔlǔjī borders Greece and the Sea of the Archipelago the Aegean Sea to the south. To the north, it connects with Russia, Austria, and other nations. To the east, it reaches...