The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

and Semites, and especially their favorable effect on the development of children, is perhaps to be attributed the superior development of both races. In contrast, the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, who are reduced to an almost purely plant-based diet, have a smaller brain than the more meat- and fish-eating Indians of the lower stage of barbarism. In any case, cannibalism gradually disappears at this stage and is only maintained as a religious act or, which is almost identical here, as a magical means original: "Zaubermittel".

3. Upper Stage.

Begins with the smelting of iron ore and transitions into civilization through the invention of phonetic writing original: "Buchstabenschrift" and its use for literary recording. This stage, which, as mentioned, is only passed through independently in the Eastern Hemisphere, is richer in advances in production than all preceding stages taken together. To it belong the Greeks in the Heroic Age, the Italian tribes shortly before the founding of Rome, and the Germans of Caesar (or, as we would prefer to say, of Tacitus).

Above all, we encounter here first the iron, cattle-drawn plowshare, which made large-scale agriculture, or field cultivation Feldbau, possible, and with it a practically unlimited increase in provisions Lebensmittel for the conditions of that time; thus also the clearing of the forest and its transformation into arable land and meadow—which remained impossible on a large scale without the iron axe and the iron spade. With this, however, also came rapid population growth and dense population in a small area. Before field cultivation, conditions must have been very exceptional for half a million people to be united under a single central administration; it is likely this never happened.

The highest flowering of the upper stage of barbarism is encountered in the Homeric poems, namely the Iliad. Developed iron tools; the bellows Blasbalg; the hand mill Handmühle; the potter's wheel Töpferscheibe; the oil and