Cities of the World

A detailed hand-colored bird's-eye view map of the fortified city of Groningen. The city is enclosed within thick stone walls with bastions and a wide, surrounding moat. Outside the fortifications, the landscape is rendered with various rectangular garden plots, fields, and paths. Several windmills are positioned both on the city ramparts and in the nearby countryside.

Notable elements include:

• Top Left: The coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire, featuring a black double-headed eagle on a golden shield with a red and white inescutcheon.
• Top Right: A second coat of arms with horizontal bands of green and white.
• Center: The city's dense urban layout with streets, houses, and a central market square.
• Bottom Right: A distinct star-shaped citadel surrounded by its own moat, labeled "Arx nova" New Citadel.
• Foreground: In the bottom-left corner, two figures—a man in a cloak and a woman in a long, dark dress of the 16th century—stand beside a decorative text cartouche.

GRONINGA Groningen, an opulent, populous, and well-fortified city of Frisia Friesland against hostile attacks; called Phileum by Ptolemy; constructed and named by Grunno, brother of Anthenor, King of the Franks, in the year 377 before the incarnation of Christ, as Hunibaldus writes.

St. Walpurgis
St. Martin
The Fish Market
New Citadel