On Stall Feeding and Clover Cultivation in Switzerland

experiences, to establish what advantages or damages might be found regarding immediate livestock utility during stabling. Once this is clarified, the importance of the increased manure, compared to the indirect utility of livestock, can be more accurately determined.

The immediate utility of cattle original: "Hornvieh" literally "horned cattle" consists of:

1. Its propagation through breeding.
2. Fattening.
3. Milk.
4. Labor.

All these various advantages are inseparably dependent upon the most perfect health of the livestock possible.

This health, however, depends primarily on:

a. Its appropriate, orderly, and sufficient nutrition.
b. Diligent care.
c. The appropriate rest.
d. Healthy water.
e. The tempered air to which these animals are exposed.

We shall now look a little bit at how these requirements are maintained, if not entirely, then certainly on most pastures, especially those belonging to entire villages. Hardly has the half-frozen earth shed a portion of its winter blanket, and the earliest plants of spring have barely begun to sprout, when the entire community is already in motion. Almost every inhabitant has, out of foolish greed, brought in more livestock than he is able to winter sufficiently. The thoughtless person did not consider that four pieces of livestock, of whatever kind they may be, produce more utility when fully nourished than six of the same kind that must starve. Now his fodder is all gone and used up.