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...nor is a punishment.
19. He who acts only by coercion should not be called good or bad; but on the contrary, if someone coerced only acts badly, he is for the most part good; if he acts well, he must be held among the bad.
20. He is more excellent who acts to remedy a thing that is in danger than he who desists from acting out of fear of bringing about a worse result.
21. He is also more excellent who renders a thing repaired and restored to be most perfect and not inferior to the first construction, than he who constructs it perfect only once.
Although I think no one will contradict these axioms or common sentiments who possesses at least right reason, nevertheless, for the sake of partly explaining and partly confirming, I will append examples and proofs to each, so that he who wishes to profit from the following may hold them firmly fixed in his mind. For just as it is impossible to become a geometer or skilled in any art if the elements have been negligently passed over or even neglected, so one must think here.
1. That all effects refer to the image of the cause, not an ordinary one but a most perfect one, this common proverb, proven in every part of the world, shows. For when any thing is viewed (whether it be well or badly made), it is said: "The work declares the author," or "The artist is seen in the work," or "The work is such as is the author." Indeed, it must be confessed that the most perfect quality of the artist shines in the work, because all things are done by intellect or reason, which is a part of man and the most excellent thing in the whole inferior nature. Therefore, to the extent that the power of genius could exist in that thing which was made, it is more manifest. For although an imperfect thing also argues for the author's lack of skill, it shows how much of the greatest skill (which is what looks to that end in him) he possessed.