<Sêmeiôtikê> sive ratio dignoscendarum sedium male affectarum, et affectuum praeter naturam, auctore Jacobo Alberto, medico physico, Vindone.

In the first category, there is a small piece of cartilage which, when cast out by coughing, proves that the lung is ulcerated and is being expelled by force, especially if much blood is excreted with the particle of the lung. If, however, the cartilage is large and is ejected with small and large vessels, it signifies an erosion of the trachea. A membrane, wherever it is excreted from, always announces that an ulcer is present there. If this is coughed up thick and viscous, it suggests an erosion of the epiglottis or larynx. If it is viscous and thin, it signifies an ulcer of the trachea. Likewise, what is ejected by vomiting argues for an eroded stomach or esophagus. What is evacuated through the bowels with great cramping and agony proves an ulcer of the large intestines resulting from dysentery, especially if it is thick. If it appears thin and is excreted with sharp pain from the upper belly, it signifies that some part of the small intestines is ulcerated. Furthermore, if a membrane is seen in the sediment of the urine, it denounces an ulcer of some kidney, according to Hippocrates in Aphorism 76, section 4. He says: "In those for whom small shreds or things like hairs come out with thick urine, these are being excreted from the kidneys." Fragments also, which are cast off from ulcers, show caries of the bone. In a fractured skull, if a fungus appears, it signifies that the thick membrane of the brain the dura mater has been wounded.