[Vocabularius utriusque iuris]

as has already been said, whence the direct [action] is given re vi by the force of the thing/law against the spoiler or the one mandating or the one holding it ratified, the spoilation having been done in his name, which words and the intention of the praetor do not wish to roll in this said way, but he gives the same useful medicine only from the mind, from a certain equity, not by the virtue of words. It is given also against him who otherwise possesses a thing from a just cause, but not in the three ways, but perhaps he merited a vacant possession or found a thing in his house believing it to be his own, of which [see] in the same place, On the restitution of the spoiled. And Angelus Angelus de Ubaldis, 14th-century jurist says that one having a useful right intending a direct one libels badly, and when it was in the beginning of a direct one, it ought to fail due to ineptitude.

The action of deposit is twofold, namely direct and contrary. The direct action of deposit competes to the depositor to reclaim the deposit and its accessions, and it competes in the simple amount unless perhaps the things were deposited in a fire, ruin, or shipwreck. For in this case, he who thus received a deposit, if he denies it, he will be convicted and will be condemned in double. This is proven, Digest On deposit, law 1, paragraph "The praetor says". But the contrary action of deposit competes to him with whom the thing was deposited to seek the expenses if he made any about the thing, or he reclaims them or the damage given by the deposited slave, according to Placentinus. Of that contrary action, it is held, Digest On deposit, law "At" in the beginning and law "Action".

The action of deceit actio de dolo action for fraud/deceit competes to me when damage is given to me by the evil deceit of someone or if someone uses [deceit] against me by advising or maliciously administering my businesses, and there is no other action by which I can experience, Digest On deceit, law 1, paragraph "Words". But it is not given unless it exceeds two gold pieces. This, however, is not given by letters against fathers, the reason is that it is odious because he condemned in it becomes infamous. Nor is it given by letters against patrons, but in place of it, an action in fact is given of the words thus to be expanded in the condition of the libel in which no mention of deceit is to be made. These are proven, Digest On deceit, law "If oil", paragraph "Finally" with the following law.

The action of deceit and theft of those who, by the mystery of innkeepers, stable-keepers, or those running a ship, is given against the stable-keepers as the sailors who

use the office of evil men, they are held in double or in the double amount by which deceit or theft has been committed in these things which they received to be safe, Digest On theft, On sailors, innkeepers, stable-keepers, law 1, and below, the action in fact.

The action for constituted money competes against him who, without a stipulation, constituted for himself or for another to pay, Code On constituted money, law 2, for all to constitute is to make himself a debtor, according to Placentinus.

The action in rem verso action for the benefit of the master or father from the acts of a slave or child is given against the master or father if the slave or son took money in loan for the business of the father or master, Digest On in rem verso, law 1, in the beginning.

The action for a beam joined action concerning a timber/beam inserted into another's building is given to him whose beam was joined to another's building by him who estimated his beam to be his own. If, however, knowing it to be another's he shall have done so, he is held for the beam inserted and for theft and the action to produce, not that he is forced to take out the beam, but that he pay for the interest. And this is proven, Digest On a beam joined, law 1, and Digest On the vindication of a thing, law "In rem", paragraph 1, with the notes there.

The action concerning ecclesiastical things sold is given to the custodians of them against those who bought sacred things without the form of the statute, with no action left to them against the sacrosanct churches regarding the price that they gave in reclaiming it. This action, however, is given in fact when the thing is changed into another thing, as if from a phial a cup is made. If, however, it is in its form, the vindication of the thing has its place, and if it is alienated, which is given from the law.

The action for poverty action for damage caused by a beast contrary to its nature competes against him whose animal gave damage contrary to the nature of its kind. For example, as if a horse, not from the narrowness of the place or not instigated, kicks, or an ox butts with a horn from natural ferocity. Otherwise, however, if it gave damage instigated or from the narrowness of the place, in such an action of condemnation comes the repair of the damage or in the payment comes [the transfer] from the law of the Twelve Tables, the surrender of the noxious thing. For the master, convicted in a noxal judgment on behalf of his slave, is liberated by surrendering the slave to the plaintiff, Institutes On noxal actions, paragraph 1. And if animals are surrendered for the harm, they profit the defendant for liberation, Institutes If anyone [is harmed] by a four-footed beast, paragraph "If".