[Iustiniani Institutiones]

In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Note from this that a magistrate had to be, or else he could not act, nor exercise the jurisdiction of the empire. Thus in the Authentica, where it is established in the beginning, there concerning the communion of the church, it is noted that any administrator must swear that he is a communicant of the Catholic Church. If he does not do so, it is not valid, as in the Code, concerning the office of the prefect, where it speaks in the beginning. For a good beginning, a better middle, and an optimal end, as in the Authentica.

Imperial Majesty

must be armed with laws,

so that each time, whether of war or

of peace, may be rightly governed,

and the Roman prince may not only be

triumphant over defeated enemies,

but also be famous, being religious

and purified by laws.

Both of these ways, with

providence and the help of God, we

have performed. Barbaric nations

brought under our sway recognize this. Note: Also in civil matters, sometimes a pecuniary penalty is imposed, sometimes the penalty of calumny, sometimes infamy, as in the beginning of the penalty of calumny. It is said that there are seven kinds of penalties called lawful paths, through which laws are forged. For if these did not exist, laws would not have execution in the city, as in the Digest, concerning the origin of law. These are punished in criminal matters and in civil matters with expenses and travel costs, which exceeds the value of the thing.

Calumniators are those who knowingly bring false charges.

Most religious: This does not mean that the laws themselves are sacred, but rather not of the dead, because of arms, the use of the victory of arms, the triumph, and the laws, the use of the laws, and the rejection of calumny.

With most: With great labor and vigilance. For the civil law is written for the vigilant and not for those who sleep.

Providence: Relating to arms. Note the three states of man: memory of the past, knowledge of the present, providence of the future.

With the help of God: He refers thanks to God, by whose help he merited to obtain the triumph.

And warlike: He divides the two ways, speaking first of how he behaved regarding arms.

Barbaric: Barbarians are those who are outside the Roman empire and sea.