[Iustiniani Institutiones]

as above, title 1, section "ius," and "civil law," when [a man] over 25 years sells himself to participate in the price, as below, section "servi," which is to be understood: anyone is free, not made a slave by the law of nations, but civil. And the words "from which they are called free" do not need to be from the definition, but demonstrate a certain effect of liberty.
Constituted: that is, one of the statutes of the law of nations, for also the law of nations establishes many other things, as above, title 1, section "ius autem." But today the aforementioned servitude is from civil law in its formation, for in former times it was otherwise, today it is, although allowed power, as below, "On those who are under their own or another's power," section "penultima" and "final." Therefore it is of the law of nations in its invention, if civil in its formation, as Digest, "De iustitia et iure," law "ius autem," which are born, as above, in natural law they were born free.
Dominion: sometimes without a master, as Digest, "De rerum divisione," law 1, section 1, and Digest, "De publicis," law "final." And add Digest, "De statu hominum," law "quae suus," and Digest, "De libertate causae," usufruct.

Constituted by the law of nations by which someone is subjected to the dominion of another against nature. Slaves, however, are called such because emperors order captives to be sold, and by this, are accustomed to preserve them and not kill them. And they are also called mancipia, because they are taken from the hands of the enemy.

as above, "On the origin of law," which are born... the law of nature... by that law... all are free, as below, section "libertini," section 1, and above, title 1, section "ius autem."... from preserve, not his own... it is said from the taking by... bellio... ... publice... from following, as Digest, "De adoptione," law "nec es," and law "non aliter," Digest, "Republicae," etc... that which cannot be, as Codex, "De tabulis generalibus." ... are taken Digest, law 1, "De statu hominum," law "in," at the end. ... Accedenti... From ancillae (female slaves)... ... what if from an ascripticius and a free woman... as in the authentic...

Slaves are either born or made. They are born from our female slaves. They are made, however, by the law of nations, that is, from captivity, or by civil law when a free man older than 20 years has allowed himself to be sold to participate in the price. In the condition of slaves there is no difference, in the free, however, there are many differences, for they are either free-born or freedmen.

Concerning the Free-born

A free-born person is he who is free as soon as he is born, whether he is produced from two free-born parents in a consistent marriage, or from two freedmen, or from one freedman and another free-born.

f Law: and there is a third way... as in the title "On those who are under their own..." ... the fourth as clearly in the institutions concerning the revocation into servitude, as in the authentic, "As children to descent," section 1.
g Older: that is, who has done so at 20, nor... as above, "Concerning the free-born," section 1, etc. ... and so that he may take the price, part as he has, and Codex, "De libertate causa," law 1, that the ministry... that he should take the price, as Codex, "De libertate causa," law "ne," etc. from whom he may not have a part, as Digest, "Quod ad libertatem," etc.

on tutelage, section "si libertate," law "quidam dixerunt," against the argument... he had not changed his status but wanted to change.
h Sold: not if by any other title, but he allows himself to be a slave to another, which is true if he receives some gain, as Digest, "De libertate causa," usufruct, section "in fundo," and Codex, "De libertate causa," the ministry, and Digest, "De libertate causa," usufruct.
i In slaves: there is no difference, but it seems to the contrary, for some are in dignity, some not, as below, "On injuries," section "sed poena," and Digest, "De usufructu," set "haec quod." But some are ordinary, some vicars, as below... likewise some veterans, some novices, as Digest, "De edendo," law 1, and Digest, "De publicis," law "interdum," as below, section "say that no one is more a slave than another," except as regards acts and regards the militias and the family there is a difference, although formerly one was more of a slave than another, as Codex, "De nuptiis, iuri qui tollitur," law "una." For formerly some had dominion in slaves, some full, some semi-full.

But also, if someone is born from a free mother but a slave father, he is nevertheless born free, just as he who is born from a free mother and an uncertain father because he is conceived in public.

It suffices, however, that the mother was free at the time that he is born, even if she conceived as a slave. And conversely, if a free woman has conceived, then becomes a slave and gives birth, it is held that he who is born is born free. Because the calamity of the mother should not harm him who is in the womb.

And from these it is asked

Many indeed put a false note here, that two are many. Response: as Digest, "Ad Silanum," law 1, section "is," response: for indeed there are three things called, not just two here. Therefore, since there are four differences of free men: as free-born and freedmen, and Latins and dediticii, as above, title, and "On freedmen," etc.

... as in the authentic, "Concerning deposits," and "concerning denunciations," there when also many. Response: Concerning the free-born.
k Free-born: he is born sometimes, because through form, as Digest, "De statu hominum," law "ingenuus." Likewise by restitution of birth, as Digest, "De restitutione natalium," law...
m And two: thus construe, whether from marriage, understood consistent, produced from two free-born, likewise thus expound everything that follows, taken.
n And another: thus Codex, "De operis libertorum," law "quae ex libertate."
o Is born: ... p Nevertheless: because the status of the womb is always considered, as here and in the authentic, when the constitution from assertion, section 1, collection 5, and Codex, "De rei vendicatione," birth, unless in the case, as Codex, "De servis fugitivis," law "final," and unless in the case of a cat-law, as Codex, "De murilegulis," who with the father, law "ne," and law "ii," which also by this Roman law, differently by the law of the Lombards, because it is always drawn to the worse part of the status, unless there is a marriage. Otherwise if it is concubinage, for then Roman law is kept.
q Free: suppose a prostitute.
r Suffices: as much as to the condition, otherwise as regards the honors, as Digest, "De senatoribus," law "filiam," and children, section final, and otherwise as regards the birth, as Digest, "Ad municipem," law "assumptio," section "filius," as Digest, "Mandatum," etc.
s Calamity: that if calamity, because again she was made a slave.
t And from these: thus far he said how free-birth happens, now how it persists.
u Free mother: ...