Sextus Iulius Frontinus, vir consularis de re militari

...and kept the barbarians intent on that expectation. He occupied an island slightly further away, first with a small guard, then with a larger one, and from there he crossed to the further bank. When all the enemies poured out to crush the force there, he himself crossed through the ford, which was now free, and joined all his forces together. Xenophon, when the Armenians held the further bank, ordered two approaches to be searched for. When he was repulsed from the closer one, he crossed to the upper one. Denied there too by the resistance of the enemy, he found a lower ford and ordered his soldiers to remain there. From this position, when the Armenians returned to guard the lower ford, he crossed through the upper one. The Armenians, believing all would run down, were deceived by those who remained. When they crossed the ford with no one resisting, they became the support for their own men who were crossing. P. Claudius the consul, in the First Punic War, when he could not transport his soldiers from Rhegium to Messana because the Carthaginians were guarding the strait, spread a rumor that he could not wage the war since it had been started without the people's order, and he feigned that he was steering his fleet toward Italy. Then, when the Carthaginians, who had believed in his departure, moved away, he turned his ships around and landed in Sicily. The Lacedaemonian leaders, when they intended to sail to Syracuse and feared the Punic fleet arranged in the depths, ordered ten Punic ships they held as captives to be steered first, as if they were the victors, with others joined at the side or tied to the stern. The Carthaginians, deceived by this appearance, allowed them to pass.

Philip, when he could not sail through the narrows of the sea called the Cyaneae because of the Athenian fleet that was guarding the convenience of the location, wrote to Antipater that Thrace was rebelling and that the garrisons he had left there had been intercepted, instructing him to follow him, abandoning all. He took care that this letter would be intercepted by the enemy. The Athenians, believing they had caught the secrets of the Macedonians, withdrew their fleet. Philip cleared the narrows of the strait with no one to stop him. The same man, because he was prevented from occupying the Chersonese, which belonged to the Athenians, as not only the Byzantines but also the ships of the Rhodians and Chians held the crossing, reconciled their spirits by returning the ships he had captured, as if they would be hostages for a future peace. He also engaged with the Byzantines, who were the cause of the war, and after a long period of requests, while he revealed something in the conditions with great industry, he prepared his fleet during that time. With it, he suddenly slipped through the narrows of the strait while the enemy was unprepared. Chabrias the Athenian, when he could not approach the port of the Samians because of the opposing naval guard of the enemy, ordered a few of his ships to pass beyond the port, thinking they would follow them where they were stationed. Having called them out with this ruse, he entered the port with the rest of the fleet, with no one to stop him.