... Valentinus Krappen, Berlinen. Marchicus, pro conferendo docturae cingulo, & consequendis in u.i. insignibus supremis ... LX. conclusion. ex intricatiss. dotium materia depromptas

...is made. Just as it is made on account of marriage, so without marriage it is not truly understood.

VI.
But just as there is no dowry without marriage, so on the contrary, it is a matter of explicit law that marriage can be celebrated without a dowry.

VII.
For no one is prohibited by law from marrying an unendowed woman: since marriages ought to be free, so that outcomes that usually arise from unwilling marriages do not follow from forced ones.

VIII.
Furthermore, a dowry is twofold: Profectitial and Adventitious.

IX.
A profectitial dowry originating from the father dowry, according to Ulpian, is that which has proceeded from the father, from his goods or by his act.

X.
Nor does it matter whether the dowry was given by the parent himself, or by another managing his business, whether a son or a stranger.

XI.
Therefore, Celsus, in the 10th book of the Digest, correctly responded against Servius and Labeo that a dowry given by a grandfather to his granddaughter is profectitial when the grandfather is dead. For the equity of the matter intervenes, so that what my father gave for my sake in the name of my daughter is the same as if I had given it myself.