Theses de appellationibus ...

VIII.

An appeal must be made in stages, to the next superior, not to the supreme judge, skipping those in between.

IX.

An appeal is properly granted against a definitive sentence.

X.

Under civil law, one does not appeal from an interlocutory decree unless it causes irreparable harm.

XI.

One appeals by word and by written petition.

XII.

One may appeal from a definitive sentence by word, either immediately at the proceedings, or if the case is brief and summary.

XIII.

If an appeal is made after an interval, a written petition is necessary, which requires that it be expressed: Who is appealing, against whom, and from what sentence.

XIV.

The effects of appeals are many, and it suffices here to have mentioned a few from many: namely, that the judge from whom the appeal is made is compelled to admit it: the sentence from which one appeals is rescinded: the case is devolved to the superior who is appealed to, whether or not the appellant requests the apostles original: "Apostolis" — in Roman law, these were the letters of dismissal provided by the lower judge to the higher court..

XV.

When an appeal is abandoned, the sentence from which it was made passes into a final judgment.

XVI.

But in a doubtful case, an abandoned appeal should neither be presumed nor pronounced.