The Psychology of Dementia Praecox

II. Outer associations.
1. Coexistence; e.g., ink—pen, pupil—teacher, Sunday—rest, table—chair.
2. Identity; e.g., beautiful—handsome, quarrel—fight.
3. Speech-motor forms; e.g., to suffer—hunger, to bow—head, to do—right, white—black.

III. Sound reactions.
1. Word completion; e.g., wonder—ful, friend—friendly.
2. Sound; e.g., blanket—blank, haircut—cut, longing—long, biting—fight.
3. Rhyme; e.g., nice—rice, ship—trip, never—clever, bone—stone.

IV. Remnant group.
1. Mediate reactions; e.g.,
(Diagram showing: Grass leads to Hay and Green; Water leads to Muddy and Shallow. Wheel leads to Cleveland and Round; Miss X is a leads to False and Blond.)

2. Senseless reactions, where no words or associations are given.
3. Failure = no reaction, and is due mostly to emotivity.
4. Repeated stimulus word, another emotional phenomenon.

A. Perseveration, when reaction belongs to the preceding or following association.
B. Egocentric reaction; e.g., rich—am I, young—am I.
C. Repetitions = repetition of content or style.
D. Speech combinations; e.g., alliteration, same endings, etc.

On examining many associations it was found that the numerical relations in single individuals were quite fluctuating. The main reason for this, besides the individual ones, is the intensity of attention. The fact that certain individuals react by inner associations and others preferentially by outer associations is in the first place a phenomenon of attention. Every person endowed with speech has manifold qualities of associations at his disposal, the association quality uttered depending on the degree