Muhammad Receiving the Submission of the Banu Nadir

In this manuscript illumination, the Prophet Muhammad rides a brown horse, holding a spear and wearing a checked tunic and turban. An angel with large dark wings hovers immediately behind him. To the left, members of the Banu Nadir tribe look down from the stone battlements of a fortress, their hands raised in gesture, while others stand near the arched entrance. To the right, armed followers of Muhammad stand in a group, dressed in long patterned robes and carrying swords and shields. The scene is set against a plain background with a sun-like emblem above the central figures.

This illustration originates from the 'Jami' al-tawarikh' (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashid al-Din Hamadani, a monumental history of the world commissioned by the Ilkhanate rulers. It depicts a pivotal historical event in 625 CE, the expulsion of the Banu Nadir from Medina following their alleged betrayal of the Prophet, illustrating the political and military consolidation of early Islam.