Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Volume 46

Lin Zexu (1785–1850) was the Imperial Commissioner famous for his role in the Opium War; he began collecting Western materials which he later passed to his friend Wei Yuan to compile into this gazetteer.

I. The Atlantic Ocean The Continent of Europe

The Kingdom of Austria Also written as "Oesterreich"; according to the Record of Lands Beyond the Imperial Jurisdiction, it is known as Moldavia; Bohemia on the maps is also Austria; the Austrian people also call it the "Double Eagle"

The Record of Lands Beyond the Imperial Jurisdiction (Zhifang Waiji) was a world geography written in Chinese by the Jesuit Giulio Aleni in 1623. The confusion between Austria, Moldavia, and Bohemia in the gloss reflects the 19th-century Chinese struggle to reconcile older Jesuit maps with contemporary European political changes.

The Kingdom of Austria was originally a tribe of Germany original: 耶馬尼 (Yemani), a phonetic transcription of Germania.. Later, during a period when Germany was weak, Austria established itself as an independent kingdom and its ruler claimed the title of King. Because the King married the Queen of Hungary original: 寒牙里 (Hanyali). as his consort, the two nations of Austria and Hungary were subsequently united into one. It further encroached upon the borders of Germany, Poland, and Italy, adding new territories and tribes until it became...

The text describes the rise of the Habsburg Monarchy and the formation of what would become the Austro-Hungarian Empire, emphasizing the strategic use of royal marriages—a hallmark of Habsburg history ("Let others wage war; thou, happy Austria, marry").