Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Volume 61

The inhabitants' languages are a diverse mixture; some possess accents similar to Germanic original: 亞利曼, Yaliman; referring to the Alemannic or German-speaking regions or Italian original: 意大里, Yidali. Within the territory flows a great river named the Danube original: 拖地俾, Tuodibei; a phonetic transliteration of the river's name. The empire has many subject states, and its land produces gold, silver, copper, red copper, mercury, salt, and the "five grains" a traditional Chinese category for staple food crops like wheat and millet.

The Compendium of Geography original: 地里備考, Dili Beikao; a reference work often cited by Wei Yuan, likely based on Western geographic texts translated by missionaries or merchants states: The nation of Austria original: 奧斯的里, Aosideli is situated in the center of Europe. Its territory begins at 42 degrees latitude north and ends at 51 degrees; its longitudinal lines begin at 6 degrees east and extend to 24 degrees.

To the east, it reaches Russia; to the west, it connects with Switzerland original: 蘇益薩, Suyisa; to the south, it borders the two nations of Turkey The Ottoman Empire and Italy, as well as the Mediterranean Sea; to the north, it is bounded by Prussia original: 沛魯西, Peiluxi and Poland original: 波羅尼, Boluoni.

The country is approximately 3,100 li A Chinese unit of distance; at this time, roughly 0.5 kilometers or 0.3 miles long and 1,800 li wide. Its land area is approximately 340,240 square li. The population literally "smoky households" consists of 22,200,000 people The original Chinese text uses the units jing and zhao; based on the historical context of the mid-19th century, this represents a population of roughly 22 million. Steep mountain peaks rise in succession, covered in ice and snow...