The movements of servants original: "ibad," referring to human beings as servants of God. and their actions, along with the misery or happiness that befalls them therein, proceed by way of necessity. They are governed by a cause external to themselves and their own power, which is not by their own choice?. This group of thinkers then diverged in their views: the people of religion among them stated that this external cause is the Divine Decree original: "al-Qada," the theological concept of God's preordained will. which God Almighty has enacted upon His creation for a reason He has mentioned. Meanwhile, the naturalists original: "ahl al-tabayi," referring to those who study the physical world and elements. among them claimed that this cause stems from celestial movements, which can be auspicious or inauspicious.

On the other hand, another group argued that the happiness a person finds through their movements and actions is solely due to the excellence of their own choice, while the misery and failure that befalls them is due to the poorness of their choice and their own negligence.

AS FOR THE INVENTOR OF BACKGAMMON

He modeled his approach after the first school of thought the school of determinism or fatalism.. He established the two dice original: "al-ka'bayn," the two cubes. to take the place of the external cause, against which human effort is of no avail except in proportion to what the cause grants and provides. He did this to demonstrate visually how an individual who is more ignorant of a matter and more prone to failure can overcome someone who is more skilled and capable. He showed how the weak person succeeds if the external cause aids him, while the prudent person is deprived if it forsakes him.

AS FOR THE INVENTOR OF CHESS

He modeled his approach after the second school of thought the school of free will and personal agency.. This is because he did not establish any external cause to govern the play. Instead, he provided the two players with equal instruments the pieces as a substitute for the faculties and strengths that are naturally instilled within all creatures. He built the entire matter upon the players' own choices, demonstrating visually how the one with excellent judgment and choice overcomes the one with poor choice.

This passage is a classic example of medieval "Mirrors for Princes" literature, where games are used to explain the balance between fate (represented by backgammon's dice) and intellect (represented by chess's strategy).