... Hanc syllogen generalem materiae probatoriae

R. V. Donellus 20. comm. 4. lit. Y. and there Hillig. Musculus in the aforesaid treatise, class 1, memb. 1, n. 50. Cubach in Brocard. general., chap. 21. Brocard. 2. & 4. [They are accepted] provided, however, that the capable and legitimate terms are presupposed, Vmmius disp. 18. n. 2. & seq.

II. Comparison of letters, that is to say, a subsidiary collation of writings, by which, from one true and proven writing, we argue the truth of a controversial writing due to the similarity of the letters, Vmmius disp. 17. n. 26. & disp. 18. n. 6. & 7. Sichardus ad rubr. C. h. n. 5. & ad l. 20. C. de fid. instr. n. 1. Mascardus q. 12. n. 1. & 2. & concl. 330. n. 7. For since weakness, age, the diversity of paper and ink, and likewise the uneven sharpening of the pen can cause a dissimilarity of letters, Nov. 73. in the preface, l. 26. §. 1. 2. vers. Et Celsus, ff. de condict. indebit. Mascardus in the aforesaid conclusion, n. 1. And a comparison of this kind is accustomed to give an occasion for the crime of forgery both in judgments and in contracts quite abundantly, d. l. 20. in pr. C. de fid. instr. Therefore, it must be established with due supports, Mascardus n. 4. & 5. Rolandus d. p. 2. lib. 5. chap. 38. n. 1. & 3. Hieron. Pantzschmanus lib. 2. q. pract. 2. n. 1. with many following.

III. Flight from the assumed act, understood, l. 225. and there Gædd. n. 2. ff. de V. S. An example is provided by Sichardus in d. l. 3. n. 46. C. de reb. cred., referring to Vmmius d. disp. 18. n. 10.

IV. Fame. For this, since it brings neither total and absolute faith in the truth, nor even mere imposture and fallacy, is surely to be said to suffice for a semi-full proof, l. ult. ff de hæred. inst. Menoch. 1. præsumpt. 89. n. 30. Virgil. lib. 4. Aeneid. Thesis under this letter P. a little before the end, note Mynsing. 5. obs. 46. n. 1. Vmmius d. loc. n. 13.

V. Private writing, concerning which we discussed under the preceding letter Q. in the middle.

POSITIO IV.

Where a Canon of unshaken and immovable authority prevails: Whatever is proposed in judgment, is proposed either by asserting (s) or by denying, and therefore it ought to be confirmed and corroborated by suitable faith in the truth. (t)

(s) Above th. 2. lit. I. in the beginning of the hypothesis. For nothing that is acted, done, contracted, or performed is presumed (a subtle difference being placed between these little words, l. 19. and there Gædd. num. 9. & 12 ff. de V. S., even if in common usage of speaking and καταχρηστικώτερον [abusively/improperly] they are used indifferently, l. 58. ff. d. t. Treutl. vol. 1. disp 10. th. 1. lit. A.). And therefore, upon the one founding himself on some fact which an adversary denies, or on some quality, there lies a precise and absolute necessity that he prove the foundation of his intention, VVesenb. in π. ff. h. n. 6. in the middle & p. 1. cons. 13. num. 43. Pantzschmanus lib. 1. q. pract. 2. n. 9. Menoch. 2. præsumt. 50. n. 5. 24. 25. & 32. Mollerus p. 3. Const. 15. num. 15. & seq. Modest. Pistor. d. vol. 2. cons. 11. n. 20. & cons. 22. n. 44. Gayl. 1. de pac. publ. 13. n. 3. & seqq. Mascard. conclus. 73. n. 1. & 2. Pacianus chap. 5. n. 29. l. 14. in fin. C. de contr. stip. l. 8. ff. h. Whether, however, an intention put forward is joined with an implicit affirmation, and things more worthy: "pregnant" (as they call it), Pacianus chap. 6. n. 6. & 2. seqq., or whether it is merely or absolutely negative, is to be distinguished not so much from the structure and conception of the words as from the thing itself and the genuine force and power of these, l. 83. in pr. ff. de V. O. l. 5. §. 1. ff. h. Giphanius ad d. l. 83. n. 4. Vmmius disput. 15. n. 8. And this burden of proof relates commonly to the plaintiff, l. 21. ff. h., as one seeking something and alleging [it] for the foundation of his petition, Ventura de Valent. Parthen. litig. lib. 1. chap. 3. n. 43., unless the defendant [is relieved of this] by excepting something for his own defense (l. 11. C. de except. l. 2. in pr. ff. & in pr. Instit. eod.